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fluorescence microscope with a 20× objective lens eclipse ni-u  (Nikon)

 
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    Nikon fluorescence microscope with a 20× objective lens eclipse ni-u
    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase <t>microscope</t> (left) and a <t>fluorescence</t> microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.
    Fluorescence Microscope With A 20× Objective Lens Eclipse Ni U, supplied by Nikon, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/fluorescence microscope with a 20× objective lens eclipse ni-u/product/Nikon
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    fluorescence microscope with a 20× objective lens eclipse ni-u - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
    90/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Topical administration of GLP-1 eyedrops improves retinal ganglion cell function by facilitating presynaptic GABA release in early experimental diabetes"

    Article Title: Topical administration of GLP-1 eyedrops improves retinal ganglion cell function by facilitating presynaptic GABA release in early experimental diabetes

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00001

    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase microscope (left) and a fluorescence microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.
    Figure Legend Snippet: GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase microscope (left) and a fluorescence microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.

    Techniques Used: Concentration Assay, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Control



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    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase <t>microscope</t> (left) and a <t>fluorescence</t> microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.
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    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase <t>microscope</t> (left) and a <t>fluorescence</t> microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.
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    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase <t>microscope</t> (left) and a <t>fluorescence</t> microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.
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    Mitutoyo switchable 50× infinity-corrected objective lens mitutoyo plan apo
    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase <t>microscope</t> (left) and a <t>fluorescence</t> microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.
    Switchable 50× Infinity Corrected Objective Lens Mitutoyo Plan Apo, supplied by Mitutoyo, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    water-immersion objective lens nikon 16x / 0.8 na / wd  (Nikon)
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    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase <t>microscope</t> (left) and a <t>fluorescence</t> microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.
    Water Immersion Objective Lens Nikon 16x / 0.8 Na / Wd, supplied by Nikon, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/water-immersion objective lens nikon 16x / 0.8 na / wd/product/Nikon
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    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase <t>microscope</t> (left) and a <t>fluorescence</t> microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.
    16x Water Immersion Objective Lens, supplied by Nikon, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/16x water-immersion objective lens/product/Nikon
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    16x water-immersion objective lens - by Bioz Stars, 2026-03
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    GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase microscope (left) and a fluorescence microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    Article Title: Topical administration of GLP-1 eyedrops improves retinal ganglion cell function by facilitating presynaptic GABA release in early experimental diabetes

    doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-24-00001

    Figure Lengend Snippet: GLP-1 enhances mIPSCs of normal RGCs in a concentration-dependent manner. (A) Schematic illustration of the experimental protocol for continuously recording mIPSCs from an RGC for 28 minutes. Data were statistically analyzed at the following time periods: 6–9 minutes of Ctrl, 15–18 minutes of GLP-1 application, and 25–28 minutes of washout. (B) Micrographs of the same retinal section taken with an infrared interferometric phase microscope (left) and a fluorescence microscope (right), showing a representative Lucifer yellow dye-filled ON-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the proximal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (C) Representative current traces showing the effect of 10 nM GLP-1 on GABAergic mIPSCs of an ON-RGC (top trace) and the mIPSC currents on an expanded time scale (bottom traces). (D, E) Scatterplots of mIPSC frequency and amplitude from individual recordings, demonstrating a GLP-1-mediated reversible increase in mIPSC frequency (D), but not amplitude (E) in ON-RGCs ( n = 10). (F) Representative micrographs showing a typical Lucifer yellow-filled OFF-RGC with dendrite arborizations in the distal part of the IPL. Scale bar: 10 μm. (G) Current traces showing the effect of GLP-1 on mIPSCs of an OFF-RGC. (H, I) GLP-1 reversibly incrased mIPSC frequency (H), but not amplitude (I) in OFF-RGCs ( n = 9). (J) Normalized mIPSC frequency recorded in 26 RGCs. (K) Increases in mIPSC frequencies under GLP-1 concentrations of 5, 10, and 100 nM, but not 0.05, 0.5, or 1000 nM. All data normalized to the control values obtained before GLP-1 application. Cell numbers are marked inside the bars in panels J and K. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, determined by one-way repeated measures analysis of variance with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (D, E, H–J) and paired t -test (K). ACSF: Artificial cerebrospinal fluid; Ctrl: control; D-APV: D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid; DNQX: 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; mIPSC: miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; RGC: retinal ganglion cell; TTX: tetrodotoxin.

    Article Snippet: A series of micrographs of the entire retina were automatically captured and reconstructed using a Nikon fluorescence microscope with a 20× objective lens (Eclipse Ni-U, Tokyo, Japan).

    Techniques: Concentration Assay, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Control